Vieja synspilum, commonly known as the "Redhead Cichlid" or "Firehead Cichlid," is a species of freshwater fish belonging to the family Cichlidae. It is native to Central America, specifically found in the rivers and lakes of Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala. This cichlid species is popular among aquarium enthusiasts due to its striking appearance and interesting behavior.

Here are some key characteristics and information about Vieja synspilum:

1. Appearance: The most distinctive feature of Vieja synspilum is its vibrant coloration and unique patterns. The fish's body is typically oval-shaped and flattened, with colors ranging from shades of brown to olive. The most eye-catching aspect of its appearance is its reddish-orange head, which gives the fish its common name, "Redhead Cichlid" or "Firehead Cichlid."

2. Size: Redhead Cichlids are known to grow relatively large, with adult individuals reaching lengths of up to 12 to 14 inches (30 to 35 cm) in captivity. In the wild, they can grow even larger.

3. Behavior and Compatibility: Vieja synspilum is generally considered to be a peaceful and social cichlid species compared to some of its more aggressive relatives. However, it's important to note that their behavior can vary based on factors such as tank size, territorial disputes, and breeding behavior. They might become more territorial and aggressive during their breeding period.

4. Diet: In the wild, Redhead Cichlids are omnivorous, feeding on a mix of plant matter, insects, small fish, and crustaceans. In a home aquarium, it's best to provide them with a balanced diet that includes high-quality cichlid pellets, flakes, and occasional live or frozen foods like brine shrimp, bloodworms, and other protein sources.

5. Aquarium Requirements: To house Vieja synspilum, a spacious aquarium with appropriate hiding spots and territorial boundaries is essential. A tank size of at least 75 to 100 gallons is recommended for a single adult fish. Providing plenty of rocks, caves, and driftwood can help simulate their natural environment and create hiding spots. Good water filtration and regular water changes are important for maintaining water quality.

6. Breeding: Redhead Cichlids are known to exhibit interesting breeding behaviors. They are substrate spawners, meaning they lay their eggs on a flat surface or in crevices. During breeding, their coloration may intensify, and they might become more territorial. Providing a separate breeding tank with appropriate substrate and hiding places can increase the chances of successful breeding.

7. Tankmates: When selecting tankmates for Vieja synspilum, it's important to choose fish of similar size and temperament. Avoid pairing them with smaller or more passive fish that could become targets of aggression. Compatible tankmates might include other Central American cichlids or larger tetra species.

As with any aquarium fish, thorough research and understanding of the species' requirements are crucial for providing proper care and ensuring their well-being. Monitoring water parameters, maintaining a suitable diet, and creating a well-suited environment are key to the successful keeping of Vieja synspilum in captivity.